пятница, 18 января 2019 г.

Amino Acid Chromatography

In this experiment paper chromatography was utilise in parade to identify two un cognize amino group group savages using eight known amino ones. The two nameless ones were set by comparing the infinite they traveled up the chromatography paper and their Rf determine to the corresponding set of the other eight known amino acrids. The unknown amino acids identified were Glycine and Methionine. Introduction Proteins in cells be important in many a(prenominal) ways. There be different sheaths of proteins such as contractile proteins, enzymes, hormonal proteins, structural proteins and transport proteins. They ar vital to regular cell functioning.Proteins are made up of amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds. When fewer than 50 amino acids are joined together, a polypeptide is formed. any proteins have two throngs in common. They have a carboxylic group and an amino group. There are 20 types of amino acids that bond together in different combinations to perform different functions. The primary structure of proteins is the browse and number of amino acids. Secondary, tertiary and quarternary structures are formed from chains of peptides that are folded into sheets, ribbons and coils so that they form a 3D shape and are to a greater extent stable.Different weights of amino acid make them differ in polarity. This characteristic enables the musical interval of proteins by polarity using chromatography. Paper chromatography is an example of a chromatography technique called absorption chromatography. The paper is the adsorbent, which provide bind the components of the mixture. The substance will be spotted onto the chromatography paper and put into a beaker filled with solvent. The solvent will thence flow through with(predicate) the paper. The solvent chosen depends highly on its polarity as this will be the characteristic that will give way the different substances.Petroleum, ether, hexanes, cyclohexanes and toluene are some exa mples of solvents with different polarities as easy as increasing polarities. In some cases, mixtures of solvents are made to guide a certain polarity. If substances that are call fored to be separated are polar, then the solvent must be slightly less polar. Non-polar substances need a polar solvent to be separated. The solvent travels faster than the samples. The Rf value is the ratio of the hold traveled by the sample and the outdistance travelled by the sample.Rf = distance travelled by amino acid sample from the origin in mm distance travelled by the solvent from the origin in mm Factors affecting how far the amino acids travel depend on how high the solvent is allowed to rise on the paper, the type of absorbent, the type of concentration of the solvent, temperature and the distance of the origin from the solvent. One type of test to detect proteins is the Ninhydrin test. This test makes the amino acids spots visible. Ninhydrin is a wan yellow solid and it reacts with the amino group in the amino acids and proteins and produces a purple product.Heat must be used in order to hurry up the reaction. Objective The objective of this experiment was to spot various amino acids and an unknown mixture on chromatography paper and line it with a chromatography solvent. The laboratory period following included treating the samples with Ninhydrin solution and heating it so that the amino acids could be visible. The distance of the samples were then measured in mm from the origin. The measurements were then used to calculate the Rf set for separately sample and therefrom the unknown sample could be identified. Materials Alanine, 1% solving Arginine, 1% SolutionAsparagine, 1% Solution Aspartic acid, 1% Solution Glycine, 1% Solution Lysine, 1% Solution Methionine, 1% Solution Tyrosine, 1% Solution Unknown, 1% Solution Chromatography Solvent, 20mL Ninhydrin solution, 2%, 10mL Beaker, 600mL Chromatography paper, 20X10 cm Graduated Cylinder, 25-mL Heat source, d rying over or hot home Microtip pipets, 9 Pencil Ruler Spray bottleful Stapler adopt glass or aluminum foil Procedure 1. On a 20cm wide by 10 cm high piece of chromatography paper, a pencil was used to draw a straight line (about 1 cm) from the bottom of the paper from the go forth to the right array 2.Nine pencil dots were laid 2cm apart on the line 3. The name of from each one amino acid was written under each dot in pencil. 20 mL of chromatography solvent was then added to the 600-mL beaker 4. A micropipette was used to obtain a junior-grade amount of the first amino acid 5. The tip of the pipette was position above the chromatography paper directly above the pencil dot and a spot of the amino acid was dropped on the dot 6. Steps 4 and 5 were repeated for the eight amino acid solutions 7. With the sample side facing outwards the chromatography paper was turned into a cylinder and the round natural elevation and bottom edges of the paper were stapled. .The paper cylinder was then placed into a beaker with the chromatography solvent. 9. The beaker was then covered with a watch glass 10. The samples were then allowed to run till the solvent level was about 1 cm from the top of the paper. 11. The chromatography paper was then removed from the beaker. The solvent height was then pronounced with a pencil line and the staples were removed 12. The chromatography paper was then left to dry During the following lab 13. The chromatography paper was sprayed with a spray bottle containing 10mL of 2 % Ninhydrin solution 14.The chromatography paper was left to dry for 10-20 minutes 15. The paper was then put in a drying oven or held 10 cm above a hot plate to heat so that the comment could develop 16. A dot was placed with a pencil at the centermost point of each amino acid 17. The distance in mm of the solvent traveled from the pencil line till the where the solved halt traveling was measured. 18. The distance in mm from the origin till where each amino acid traveled was measured 19. The Rf value for each amino acid was calculated ResultsTable 1 Distance and Rf values of the amino acids and unknowns Amino Distance(mm)452427223015574235/60 Rf Value0. 50. 270. 30. 240. 330. 170. 630. 470. 39/0. 67 The distance traveled by the solvent from the pencil line drawn was 90mm. The unknown samples were found to be Glycine and Methionine by comparing their Rf and distances values to those amino acids with Rf and distance values that were calculated. Discussion Paper Chromatography is used to separate a mixture of compounds into its components.Pens and markers are not used as their ink will be separated too. Instead, pencils are utilized as they are made from graphite which does not separate. Capillary action is the energy of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without any dish up from external forces. This flow is against gravity as well. This happens because of the intermolecular attractive forces surrounded by the liquid and the solid surroundi ng surfaces. Surface tension and adhesive forces betwixt the liquid and solid also help the liquid rise through the solid.The Rf value is defined as the ratio of the distance travelled by the amino acid sample from the origin to the distance travelled by the solvent. The ratios, therefore, stay the same regardless of the solvent used. Ninhydrin is used in paper chromatography to identify amino acids. Ninhydrin solution turns the amino acid fingerprints to the tint purple, therefore making them visible. For this reason we take care when touching the chromatography paper. The to the lowest degree polar amino acid was alanine as the distance it moved up the paper was the least.

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